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考研英语语法重难点精解(7):副词(二)


  三、副词的特殊情况

  1. 英语中有些副词有两种形式: 一种与形容词形式相同,一种形式是以ly结尾,但其意义和用法有所不同,如:
  clean完全地 cleanly干净地
  close接近地 closely紧密地(表抽象概念)
  free免费地,随意地 freely率直地
  hard努力 hardly几乎不
  high高 highly高度地,非常
  late迟,晚 lately近来
  pretty相当,颇 prettily漂亮地
  fair公平 fairly公正地;相当
  most最,颇 mostly主要地,多半地
  just刚才,正好 justly公正地
  direct直接地 directly直接地,坦率,马上
  例句: Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. (选自2002年Text 2)
  分析: 该句是复合句,其中that is dangerous,boring,burdensome,or just plain nasty是定语从句,修饰work。
  译文: 自从人类具有了独创性以来,人们发明了越来越精巧的工具来应付那些危险、枯燥、繁重或者仅仅是令人讨厌的工作。
  例句: The American dream is most plausible during the periods of productivity and wealth generated by American capitalism. (1999年第25题)
  分析: 该句是简单句,generated by American capitalism为过去分词作后置定语,修饰the periods。
  译文: 在美国的资本主义带来生产率的提高与财富增加的那段时期,美国梦是最有可能实现的。
  例句: “In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, weve pretty much gone as far as we can go, ”says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. (选自2008年Text 3)
  分析: 引号内的句子是简单句,主句部分是weve pretty much gone as far as we can go,介词短语in the general population today和at this genetic...在句中作状语。
  译文: 怀特州立大学的人类学家威廉·卡梅隆·查姆利指出: “在今天的一般人群中,在这种基因和环境水平上,我们已经达到了我们所能达到的高度。”

  2.以ly结尾的词大部分是副词,但以下由名词+ly构成的词却是形容词,如:

  brotherly scholarly(学者风度的) heavenly(天堂的)
  homely friendly masterly(高明的)
  likely lovelycostly
  childly quarterly(按季度的)manly
  leisurely(从容不迫的,悠闲的)
  例句: Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and theyre less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in a community. (选自2001年Text 3)
  分析:该句是复合句,其中分词短语compared with other Americans作状语表示比较,谓语动词show后有由and连接的两个并列宾语从句。
  译文:结果表明,与其他美国人相比,记者更有可能居住在质优价高的地段,有仆人、奔驰车及股票。他们不大可能去做礼拜、当志愿者或在普通社区居住。

  四、副词的比较级与最高级

  副词的比较级与最高级的变化规则和用法与形容词的变化相同,但在副词的最高级前可省掉定冠词the。
  例句: Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles reacted more enthusiastically to funny cartoons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown, suggesting that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around.(选自2011年Use of English)
  分析: 该句是复合句,主干部分是Those...reacted more enthusiastically to funny cartoons than did those...,其中did代替了与主句相同的谓语部分reacted enthusiastically to funny cartoons,正常语序为...than those...did。另外,分词短语forced to exercise their smiling muscles作后置定语,修饰主语those;whose mouths were contracted in a frown是一个定语从句,修饰句中的第二个those;suggesting that...是分词短语作状语,表示结果,相当于which引导的一个非限制性定语从句。
  译文:那些被迫锻炼笑肌的人比那些嘴形收缩得犹如紧皱的眉毛般的人对滑稽的卡通动画的反应更为强烈,这表明表情也可以影响情绪而非只能是情绪影响表情。
  例句:The people whove been hurt the worst are those whove stayed too long. (选自2011年Text 2)
  分析:该句是复合句,主句的主干部分是The people are those,两个定语从句whove been hurt the worst 和whove stayed too long分别修饰先行词the people和those。
  译文:受伤害最深的就是那些待得太久的人。
  例句:Among other students in his class, he studies (the) hardest.
  译文:他在班上学习最刻苦。

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