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考研英语语法重难点精解(35):非谓语动词间的区别



  (四)定语
  动名词作定语表示所修饰名词的用途(a waiting room一间候车室),而不定式常作后置定语,所修饰名词情况如下:
  (1)修饰由动词派生或转化而形成的名词,如:agreement, attempt, claim, decision, desire, determination, failure, need, plan, intention, promise, refusal, resolution, tendency, wish, threat等。
  例句: Their determination to succeed in climbing the Huashan Mountain encouraged every one of us sitting here.
  译文: 他们成功登上华山的决心让我们在座的每一位备受鼓舞。
  例句: I dont trust his promise to come for a visit on Sunday.
  译文: 我不相信周日他会如约前来访问。
  (2)修饰由形容词派生而形成的名词,如:ability, ambition, anxiety, aptitude, (im)patience, reluctance, (un)willingness, curiosity等。
  例句: She was burning with curiosity to know the end of the story.
  分析: 该句是简单句。
  译文: 她很想知道故事的结局。
  例句: According to Darwin, random changes that enhance a species ability to survive are naturally selected and passed on to succeeding generations. (1998年第11题)
  分析: 该句是复合句。定语从句that enhance a species ability to survive修饰changes, to survive作定语修饰ability。
  译文: 根据达尔文的观点,提高物种生存能力的随机演变是自然选择,而且这种现象世代流传。
  (3) 修饰抽象名词,如:chance, effort, opportunity, reason, right, time, way等。
  另外可修饰不定代词something,anything,nothing,everything。
  例句: One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodityprice inflation and global excess demand. (选自2002年Text 3)
  分析: 该句是复合句。unlike the rises in the 1970s作插入语,it has not occurred against...是表语从句, not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices作后置定语修饰reason。
  译文: 我们不必担心油价上涨的另一个原因就是——与20世纪70年代的油价上涨不同,此次油价上涨的背景并不是物价普遍暴涨和全球的需求过量。
  (4)修饰由only, last, next等序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词;修饰have, give, get, look for, find等动词的宾语以及there be结构的真正的主语。
  例句: I don’t think he is the best man to do the job, because he has no experiences whatever.
  分析: 该句是复合句。whatever置于否定句名词之后表示强调。
  译文: 我认为他不是做这件工作的最佳人选,因为他一点儿经验都没有。
  例句: Jack has a large family to support, so he works hard day and night.
  分析: 该句是并列句。
  译文: 杰克要养活一大家子人,所以他没日没夜地工作。

  (五)状语
  动名词本身不能作状语,但如果在其前加上介词,就可起到状语的作用,表示时间、原因、目的、让步、方式。而不定式和动名词不同,它本身常被用作状语表原因、结果、目的。After leading the visitors into the hall, please inform them of staying there after the conference.(after leading the visitors= after you lead the visitors, 用作时间状语)
  例句: We were pleased to note that the early morning delivery didn’t add to the traffic jam of the busy city. (2000年第40题)
  分析: 该句是复合句。that the early morning...作note的宾语从句。
  译文: 我们高兴地注意到,早晨送货并未给这个繁忙的城市带来交通不畅的问题。

  三、不定式和分词
  不定式和分词均可作定语、状语、表语和补语,这里只区别它们作定语和状语成分的情况,其他两种成分参照其各自用法。
  (一)定语
  从时间关系上看,不定式作定语所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后,现在分词作定语所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,过去分词作定语所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。
  例句: Sometimes the student may be asked to write about his reaction to a certain book or article that has some bearing on the subject being studied. (1998年第30题)
  分析: 该句是复合句。that has some bearing on the subject是定语从句修饰book or article, 分词短语being studied作定语修饰the subject,bearing表示“意义、关联”。
  译文: 有时学生被要求就某些与所学科目有关的书或文章写篇读后感。
  例句: The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.
  (1998年第72题)
  分析: 该句是简单句。first put forward in the 1920s作定语修饰the Big Bang,to maintain...在句中作目的状语。
  译文: 巨大的宇宙云的存在,实际上是使20世纪20年代首创的大爆炸论得以处于宇宙起源论的主导地位所不可缺少的。
  例句: If the letter to be mailed was placed on the writing table an hour ago, it is certain to be there now. (2000年第12题)
  分析: 该句是复合句。to be mailed作定语修饰the letter。
  译文: 如果那封要寄出的信一小时前还在写字桌上的话,那么它现在一定还在那里。
  (二)状语
  分词作状语一般表示伴随,置于句首时,可以表示原因、时间或条件;而不定式作状语常表示目的、结果或原因。
  例句: To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anticolonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment.
  (选自2001年Text 2)
  分析: 该句是简单句。To take advantage of this tool作状语表目的,介词短语with respect to...作定语修饰prejudices。
  译文: 要想利用因特网这一工具,一些贫穷国家必须抛弃它们对外国投资所持有的过时了的反殖民的种种偏见。
  例句: It isn’t cold enough for there to be a frost tonight,so I can leave Jim’s car out quite safely. (1994年第9题)
  分析: 该句是复合句。to be a frost tonight在句中作状语。
  译文: 今夜不会冷到下霜的程度,所以我可以安全地把吉姆的汽车停在外面。
  例句: Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need art to tell us, as religion once did, Memento mori: remember that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it.
  (选自2006年Text 4)
  分析: 该句是复合句。主干部分为we need art to tell us ...。 as religion once did为插入语,Memento mori: remember that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it作tell的直接宾语,指物。
  译文: 如今,我们的周围充斥着唾手可得的幸福的承诺,我们需要艺术来告诉我们,正如宗教曾经告诉过我们的死亡警告:记得你终将死亡,一切都会结束,幸福的到来不是要否认这一点,而是要平静地与之相处。
  例句: Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.(2004年第64题)
  分析: 该句是复合句。that the structure of...与the idea是同位语关系,分词短语Being interested in the relationship of language and thought在句中作状语表原因。
  译文: 沃尔夫对语言与思维的关系很感兴趣,他提出了这样的观点:在一个社会中,语言的结构决定习惯性思维的结构。

  ——选自《考研英语语法重难点精解(2013)》 中国人民大学出版社
  第三章 非谓语动词 
  第四节 非谓语动词之间的区别

  相关文章链接:《2013考研英语语法重难点精解》图书连载 

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